作為一種現代化建筑形式，鋼結構建筑憑借強度高、自重輕、抗震性能好、工業化程度高、施工周期短、可塑性強、節能環保等綜合性能顯著的優勢，在工業廠房、商業綜合體、體育場館、大跨度橋梁等領域展現出強勁競爭力，近年來在全球范圍內得到廣泛應用。

　　As a modern architectural form, steel structure buildings have demonstrated strong competitiveness in industrial plants, commercial complexes, sports venues, large-span bridges, and other fields due to their significant advantages such as high strength, light weight, good seismic performance, high industrialization level, short construction period, strong plasticity, energy conservation and environmental protection. In recent years, they have been widely used worldwide.

　　然而，其一次建造成本高被業界所詬病，成為影響其大規模推廣的“主因”，這一點在鋼結構住宅的推廣上尤為明顯。可喜的是，通過產業鏈協同，國內目前已出現降本范例——以“設計驅動材料研發、材料賦能建筑創新”模式打造成的中鋼洛耐研發中心大樓（下稱中鋼洛耐項目）的綜合造價（3300元/平方米)基本接近現澆混凝土建筑，成為國內鋼結構建筑降低一次建造成本的典型示范項目。

　　However, its high initial construction cost has been criticized by the industry and has become the main factor affecting its large-scale promotion, especially in the promotion of steel structure residential buildings. Fortunately, through industrial chain collaboration, a cost reduction model has emerged in China - the comprehensive cost (3300 yuan/square meter) of the Zhonggang Luonai R&D Center Building (referred to as the Zhonggang Luonai project), which is built using the "design driven material research and development, material empowered building innovation" model, is basically close to that of cast-in-place concrete buildings, becoming a typical demonstration project for reducing the construction cost of domestic steel structure buildings.

　　實際上，與傳統的混凝土結構相比，鋼結構建筑在材料利用率、節能環保、施工周期和空間設計等方面具有先天優勢，這些優勢可直接轉化為經濟層面的成本節約。特別是在當前建筑業面臨勞動力成本上升和環保要求趨嚴的背景下，鋼結構建筑通過工廠預制、現場組裝的工業化建造模式，能夠有效降低人力依賴和減少施工浪費。

　　In fact, compared with traditional concrete structures, steel structure buildings have inherent advantages in material utilization, energy conservation and environmental protection, construction period, and space design, which can be directly translated into cost savings at the economic level. Especially in the current context of rising labor costs and increasingly stringent environmental requirements in the construction industry, the industrial construction mode of factory prefabrication and on-site assembly of steel structure buildings can effectively reduce labor dependence and minimize construction waste.

　　低碳未來自有成本優勢

　　Low carbon future with its own cost advantages

　　當前，低碳發展已成為全球共識，是不可逆轉的未來趨勢。從2025年全球主要碳市場碳價普遍上漲（歐盟碳價歷史最高突破100歐元/噸）的趨勢來看，未來碳排放成本增加幅度將加大，企業迫切須加快綠色轉型步伐。在此背景下，作為綠色建筑的典型代表之一，具有全生命周期節能環保特性的鋼結構建筑在碳交易體系中的天然優勢將逐漸顯現，碳資產價值持續增長成為其未來最具競爭力的成本優勢。

　　Currently, low-carbon development has become a global consensus and an irreversible trend for the future. From the trend of a general increase in carbon prices in major global carbon markets by 2025 (with the EU carbon price reaching a historical high of over 100 euros/ton), it can be seen that the cost of carbon emissions will increase in the future, and companies urgently need to accelerate their green transformation pace. In this context, as one of the typical representatives of green buildings, steel structure buildings with full lifecycle energy-saving and environmental protection characteristics will gradually demonstrate their natural advantages in the carbon trading system, and the continuous growth of carbon asset value will become their most competitive cost advantage in the future.

　　當下須科學認識鋼結構建筑的碳排放成本。從單位產量來看，鋼材生產的碳排放較傳統建筑用材高，但鋼結構建筑由于自身強度高、重量輕等特點，在同等建筑規模和功能要求下，可通過輕量化設計減少所需的建筑用材總量，在一定程度上抵消鋼材生產過程中的高碳排放，因此需綜合評估其實際的碳排放影響。與此同時，鋼鐵行業超低排放改造正深入推進中。據中國鋼鐵工業協會最新統計數據，截至6月30日，5.98億噸鋼鐵產能完成全過程超低排放改造，1.75億噸鋼鐵產能完成部分超低排放改造，總計超7億噸。隨著鋼鐵行業綠色生產技術的不斷發展和相關共性技術的逐步突破，如氫冶金技術、電爐煉鋼技術等都將降低鋼材生產過程中的碳排放，同時隨著清潔能源進一步替代傳統化石能源、廢鋼的利用力度加大等，鋼材生產過程中的碳排放量將進一步降低。

　　At present, it is necessary to scientifically understand the carbon emission cost of steel structure buildings. From the perspective of unit output, the carbon emissions from steel production are higher than those from traditional building materials. However, steel structure buildings, due to their high strength and light weight, can reduce the total amount of building materials required through lightweight design under the same building scale and functional requirements, to some extent offsetting the high carbon emissions in the steel production process. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively evaluate their actual carbon emission impact. At the same time, the ultra-low emission transformation of the steel industry is being deeply promoted. According to the latest statistics from the China Iron and Steel Industry Association, as of June 30th, 598 million tons of steel production capacity has completed the entire process of ultra-low emission transformation, and 175 million tons of steel production capacity has completed partial ultra-low emission transformation, totaling over 700 million tons. With the continuous development of green production technology in the steel industry and the gradual breakthrough of related common technologies, such as hydrogen metallurgy technology and electric furnace steelmaking technology, the carbon emissions in the steel production process will be reduced. At the same time, with the further replacement of traditional fossil fuels with clean energy and the increasing utilization of scrap steel, the carbon emissions in the steel production process will be further reduced.

　　同時，需盡快建立鋼結構建筑全生命周期碳排放科學評估體系，可按照界定邊界—采集數據—構建模型—制定標準步驟推進，摸清各環節碳排放足跡，尋求更高效的減碳路徑。首先，明確鋼結構建筑從材料生產到拆除回收各階段核算范圍；其次，采集包括鋼鐵生產過程、物流運輸、施工過程、拆除再利用等各階段關鍵參數；再次，構建模型，采用LCA（生命周期分析）方法量化各環節碳排放；最后，推動形成行業統一的評估指標與認證機制。該體系將發揮三重作用，在技術層面上將引導綠色施工技術應用、減少建筑垃圾，在政策層面上將輔助國家有關部門精準施策，在產業層面上將促進鋼鐵與建筑產業協同發展。

　　At the same time, it is necessary to establish a scientific assessment system for the carbon emissions of steel structure buildings throughout their entire life cycle as soon as possible. This can be achieved by following the steps of defining boundaries, collecting data, constructing models, and developing standards, in order to understand the carbon emissions footprint of each link and seek more efficient ways to reduce carbon emissions. Firstly, clarify the scope of accounting for each stage of steel structure construction, from material production to demolition and recycling; Secondly, collect key parameters from various stages including steel production process, logistics transportation, construction process, demolition and reuse; Once again, construct a model and use LCA (Life Cycle Analysis) method to quantify carbon emissions at each stage; Finally, promote the formation of industry unified evaluation indicators and certification mechanisms. This system will play a triple role, guiding the application of green construction technology and reducing construction waste at the technical level, assisting relevant national departments in implementing precise policies at the policy level, and promoting the coordinated development of the steel and construction industries at the industrial level.

　　此外，鋼結構建筑成本優勢還體現在所用鋼材具有極高的二次利用價值潛力上。據目前已公開數據，混凝土廢棄物處理成本約占拆除費用的30%~50%，鋼材的高可回收特性使鋼結構建筑拆除時的殘值最高可達原材料的80%，拆卸損耗少、建筑工期縮短、能源消耗和碳排放減少，回收潛力大，不僅可以有效抵扣建筑的拆除成本，還能通過其可回收特性與低碳屬性閉環形成新的經濟價值。這種材料循環特性在環保法規趨嚴的背景下價值凸顯，尤其在未來綠色建筑評級與碳交易機制逐步完善的背景下，鋼結構的“殘值收益”將顯著提升項目的整體投資回報率。

　　In addition, the cost advantage of steel structure construction is also reflected in the high potential for secondary utilization of the steel used. According to publicly available data, the cost of concrete waste disposal accounts for about 30% to 50% of the demolition cost. The high recyclability of steel allows the residual value of steel structure buildings during demolition to reach up to 80% of the raw material, resulting in less demolition loss, shorter construction period, reduced energy consumption and carbon emissions, and great recycling potential. It can not only effectively offset the demolition cost of buildings, but also form new economic value through its recyclability and low-carbon attributes. The cyclic nature of this material highlights its value in the context of increasingly strict environmental regulations, especially in the context of the gradual improvement of green building ratings and carbon trading mechanisms in the future. The "residual value return" of steel structures will significantly enhance the overall investment return rate of the project.

　　可以說，不僅初始建造成本可控，鋼結構建筑所用鋼材的可回收特性還賦予了建筑材料二次利用的價值，具有貫穿設計、施工、使用到拆除各環節的巨大降本潛力。而這些，將在未來共同成為推動鋼結構建筑持續發展的關鍵動力。

　　It can be said that not only is the initial construction cost controllable, but the recyclability of steel used in steel structure buildings also endows building materials with the value of secondary utilization, with enormous cost reduction potential throughout the design, construction, use, and demolition stages. And these will together become the key driving force for the sustainable development of steel structure buildings in the future.

　　產業鏈協同降本潛力巨大

　　The potential for collaborative cost reduction in the industrial chain is enormous

　　從國內首例實現鋼結構建筑單位造價與鋼筋混凝土基本接近的中鋼洛耐項目可以窺見，鋼結構建筑通過產業鏈協同展現出顯著的降本潛力，其關鍵在于對其全生命周期成本的優化：從設計端采用“標準化”模塊化方案，到生產端實現鋼材精準下料和智能焊接，再到施工環節的快速裝配，各環節緊密銜接，不僅可減少材料浪費，還能節約工期成本。

　　From the first domestic project in China to achieve a unit cost of steel structure construction that is basically close to that of reinforced concrete, it can be seen that steel structure construction has shown significant potential for cost reduction through industrial chain collaboration. The key lies in optimizing its entire life cycle cost: from adopting a "standardized" modular solution at the design end, to achieving precise steel cutting and intelligent welding at the production end, to rapid assembly at the construction stage, all links are closely connected, which not only reduces material waste but also saves construction period costs.

　　從材料的高效利用上來看，鋼材作為主要建材，其強度高、自重輕的特性使得構件截面尺寸遠小于混凝土結構，在相同荷載條件下可減少一定的材料用量，而高強鋼便是建筑輕量化的優選材料。國內專家介紹，在鋼鐵行業的不斷努力下，高強鋼現已進入千兆帕時代。目前已公開使用的鋼結構建筑用鋼最高強度已達960兆帕。這種輕量化特征不僅降低鋼材采購成本，還帶來連鎖效應——基礎工程因荷載減輕可減少樁基數量和混凝土用量，運輸環節因構件重量下降可降低物流費用。

　　From the perspective of efficient utilization of materials, steel, as the main building material, has the characteristics of high strength and light weight, which makes the cross-sectional size of components much smaller than that of concrete structures. Under the same load conditions, it can reduce a certain amount of material usage, and high-strength steel is the preferred material for building lightweighting. Domestic experts have introduced that with the continuous efforts of the steel industry, high-strength steel has now entered the era of gigapascals. The maximum strength of steel used in steel structure construction that has been publicly released has reached 960 megapascals. This lightweight feature not only reduces the cost of steel procurement, but also brings a chain effect - reducing the number of pile foundations and concrete usage in foundation engineering due to reduced load, and reducing logistics costs in transportation due to reduced component weight.

　　從施工流程的優化上來看，已公開的統計數據顯示，鋼結構構件在工廠標準化生產后直接運至現場拼裝，可比現澆混凝土結構縮短工期30%~50%。這種模式將傳統現場作業轉移至工廠環境，通過標準化生產顯著提升構件精度和質量穩定性，從根本上減少返工和材料浪費，還避免了傳統施工中多工種交叉作業的協調成本，使項目能更快投入運營產生收益。而在工廠預制環境下，鋼材切割、焊接等工序通過自動化設備完成的加工損耗率可得到有效控制，低于傳統現場作業的損耗率。此外，這種建造模式還可以催生新的成本控制維度，即通過BIM（建筑信息模型）技術實現設計—生產—施工全流程數字化，有助于構件加工誤差控制、現場安裝效率提升等，工業化建造形成的規模效應也利于頭部企業通過集中采購控制鋼材成本。需注意的是，加快構件標準化是實現工業化模式的前提。

　　From the perspective of optimizing the construction process, publicly available statistical data shows that steel structural components can be transported directly to the site for assembly after standardized production in the factory, which can shorten the construction period by 30% to 50% compared to cast-in-place concrete structures. This model transfers traditional on-site operations to the factory environment, significantly improving component accuracy and quality stability through standardized production, fundamentally reducing rework and material waste, and avoiding the coordination costs of multi job cross operation in traditional construction, enabling projects to be put into operation faster and generate profits. In the prefabricated environment of the factory, the processing loss rate of steel cutting, welding and other processes completed by automated equipment can be effectively controlled, which is lower than the loss rate of traditional on-site operations. In addition, this construction model can also give rise to new dimensions of cost control, namely the digitization of the entire design production construction process through BIM (Building Information Modeling) technology, which helps to control component processing errors and improve on-site installation efficiency. The scale effect formed by industrial construction is also conducive to leading enterprises controlling steel costs through centralized procurement. It should be noted that accelerating component standardization is a prerequisite for achieving industrialization mode.

　　從業主的使用體驗上來看，空間靈活可變的鋼結構建筑不僅會提升空間利用率，其帶來的改造適應性還會為業主提供了額外的成本緩沖空間，如內部管線系統可直接附著于鋼構件，改造時無需破壞主體結構。隨著建筑使用功能的變化，這種靈活調整能力可顯著延長建筑經濟壽命。而鋼結構建筑運營階段的維護成本優勢也值得關注。已公開的數據顯示，鋼材的耐腐蝕性能通過鍍鋅等技術處理后，維護周期可達20年以上，而混凝土結構通常需要每10年進行大規模修繕。這種低維護特性在機場、電廠等對運營連續性要求高的設施中價值尤為突出。

　　From the perspective of the user experience of the owners, steel structure buildings with flexible and variable space not only improve space utilization, but also provide additional cost buffering space for the owners through their adaptability to renovation. For example, internal pipeline systems can be directly attached to steel components without damaging the main structure during renovation. With the changes in the functional use of buildings, this flexible adjustment ability can significantly extend the economic life of buildings. The maintenance cost advantage of steel structure buildings during the operation phase is also worth paying attention to. According to publicly available data, the corrosion resistance of steel can be maintained for over 20 years through techniques such as galvanizing, while concrete structures typically require large-scale repairs every 10 years. This low maintenance feature is particularly valuable in facilities such as airports and power plants that require high operational continuity.

　　隨著政策推動裝配式建筑普及和規模化效應釋放，鋼結構建筑產業鏈協同發展將進一步攤薄其成本。尤其是在綠色建筑標準趨嚴的背景下，鋼結構可循環利用的特性將形成長期成本優勢，鋼結構建筑未來降本空間有望得到更進一步突破。

　　With the promotion of prefabricated construction and the release of economies of scale through policies, the coordinated development of the steel structure construction industry chain will further dilute its costs. Especially in the context of increasingly strict green building standards, the recyclable nature of steel structures will form a long-term cost advantage, and there is hope for further breakthroughs in cost reduction space for steel structure buildings in the future.

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